Security

Arc applies security at three independent layers. Each layer operates at a different level of the network stack and can drop or throttle traffic independently of the others.

Internet traffic
    │
    ▼ L3/L4 — Kernel
arc-xdp kernel program (XDP hook, pre-TCP-stack)
  BPF maps: blacklist, whitelist
  SYN-flood detection, RST validation, ACK flood detection
    │ XDP_PASS
    ▼ L4/L7 — Worker
SlowlorisGuard — per-connection header-phase timeout/rate
TlsFloodGuard — TLS handshake rate per IP
H2StreamFloodGuard — concurrent streams and RST rate
    │
    ▼ L7 — Request
WorkerLimiter / GlobalRateLimiter
  GCRA token bucket, Redis backend, circuit breaker
    │
    ▼
Upstream proxy / Application

XDP and eBPF packet filtering

Arc’s kernel program (arc-xdp) attaches to a NIC at the XDP hook point and processes every inbound packet before the kernel TCP stack sees it. It runs entirely in the kernel with no context switch to userspace per packet.

What it checks

For each packet:

Parse Ethernet + optional VLAN headers
Parse IPv4 or IPv6 to extract the source IP
Check the whitelist — IP in whitelist → XDP_PASS immediately
Check the blacklist — IP in blacklist (not expired) → XDP_DROP
For TCP packets:
- SYN flood scoring (exponential decay per IP)
- SYN proxy (syncookie SYN-ACK, validate returning ACK)
- RST validation (sequence number window check)
- ACK flood scoring
For UDP packets: per-port PPS/BPS rate limiting

BPF maps

Map	Type	Capacity	Description
`arc_whitelist`	HASH	65,536	Always-pass IPs
`arc_blacklist`	LRU_HASH	1,000,000	Blocked IPs with TTL
`arc_syn_state`	PERCPU_HASH	500,000	Per-IP SYN scoring state
`arc_global_stats`	PERCPU_ARRAY	1 (per-CPU)	Global packet statistics
`arc_conntrack`	LRU_HASH	2,000,000	TCP connection tracking
`arc_config`	ARRAY	1	Runtime config flags (written by userspace)
`arc_events`	RINGBUF	4 MiB	Events to userspace
`arc_port_stats`	PERCPU_ARRAY	65,536	UDP per-port statistics

All maps are pinned to /sys/fs/bpf/arc/.

Feature flags

Enable or disable XDP features at runtime using POST /v1/xdp/config on the control plane:

# Enable SYN flood detection + SYN proxy (flags = 1 + 2 = 3)
curl -X POST http://localhost:22100/v1/xdp/config \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"flags": 3}'

Flag	Effect
`CFG_F_ENABLE_SYN_FLOOD`	Per-IP SYN scoring; drop when threshold exceeded
`CFG_F_ENABLE_SYN_PROXY`	Respond with syncookie SYN-ACK; validate returning ACKs
`CFG_F_ENABLE_RST_VALIDATE`	Drop RSTs outside the tracked sequence window
`CFG_F_ENABLE_ACK_FLOOD`	Per-IP ACK-only scoring and drop
`CFG_F_GLOBAL_DEFENSE_MODE`	Tighten all thresholds (auto-activated on attack detection)
`CFG_F_ENABLE_UDP_STATS`	Count UDP packets per destination port
`CFG_F_ENABLE_UDP_RATE_LIMIT`	Drop UDP packets exceeding per-port PPS/BPS limits
`CFG_F_ENABLE_CIDR_LOOKUP`	Enable CIDR prefix matching (additional map lookups)
`CFG_F_DROP_IPV4_FRAGS`	Drop IPv4 fragments to prevent L4 header bypass

Dynamic threshold calculation

The userspace manager runs a background task every 100ms that uses a Welford online algorithm to compute a running mean and standard deviation of the observed SYN rate. The dynamic threshold is:

threshold = mean + sigma_multiplier × sigma

When the current PPS exceeds this threshold, defense mode activates automatically.

Managing blacklist and whitelist

Use the Gateway control plane API reference to manage XDP lists at runtime:

# Block an IP for 10 minutes
curl -X POST http://localhost:22100/v1/xdp/blacklist \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
  -d '{"ip": "203.0.113.7/32", "ttl_ms": 600000, "reason": "manual"}'

# Add to whitelist
curl -X POST http://localhost:22100/v1/xdp/whitelist \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
  -d '{"ip": "198.51.100.10/32"}'

# List current blacklist
curl http://localhost:22100/v1/xdp/blacklist \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"

Kubernetes note

XDP requires NET_ADMIN and SYS_ADMIN capabilities plus privileged: true. This is incompatible with most managed Kubernetes platforms. The deployment manifest includes the required YAML as comments only.

Rate limiting

Arc has two independent rate limiting systems.

Per-route rate limiting (GCRA)

The simplest rate limiting is configured directly on a route:

routes:
  - name: api
    match:
      path: /api/{*rest}
    action:
      upstream: app
    rate_limit:
      qps: 100
      burst: 200
      key:
        by: client_ip   # or: header (with name), route
      status: 429

This uses a single-tier GCRA (Generic Cell Rate Algorithm) token bucket stored in the worker thread’s local HashMap. No cross-thread coordination.

Two-tier global rate limiting

For cluster-wide enforcement across multiple Arc nodes, the GlobalRateLimiter provides a two-tier design: L1 (worker-local): Each worker keeps a HashMap of per-key token buckets. No locks on the hot path. try_acquire is called inline on every request. L2 (Redis backend): A dedicated backend thread runs Lua scripts against Redis to enforce cluster-wide limits. Workers request token refills asynchronously. Circuit breaker: When the Redis backend is unreachable, the circuit breaker opens and workers fall back to L1-only operation automatically. Default circuit open duration: 500ms. The hot path on a worker:

Drain up to 8 pending refill responses from the backend
Look up or create a per-key Entry in local l1 HashMap
If backend is healthy and global tokens remain → consume one global token
If backend healthy but tokens are exhausted → reject with 429
If backend is down → use local L1 token bucket
Schedule a refill if tokens are below the low-watermark

This design ensures worker threads never block waiting for Redis.

L7 protection

Arc applies three L7-level guards on every connection before rate limiting.

SlowlorisGuard

Detects Slowloris attacks — connections that send HTTP headers extremely slowly to exhaust server connection slots.

Check	Trigger	Action
Max incomplete per IP	On new connection	Drop if over per-IP limit
Header timeout	Per-byte received	Drop if elapsed > `headers_timeout_ns`
Min receive rate	Per-byte received	Drop if bytes/elapsed < `min_recv_rate_bps`

TlsFloodGuard

Limits TLS handshake rate per IP per second. State is stored in a fixed-size array of AtomicU64 cells — each cell packs (second << 32) | count. When the count for the current second exceeds max_handshakes_per_ip_per_sec, the connection is rejected.

H2StreamFloodGuard

Per-connection HTTP/2 protection against stream flood and RST flood attacks.

Event	Check	Response
`HEADERS` frame (new stream)	`open_streams > max_concurrent_streams`	Send `GOAWAY`
`HEADERS` frame (new stream)	`streams_created_in_window > max_streams_per_sec`	Send `GOAWAY`
`RST_STREAM` received	`rsts_in_window > max_rst_per_sec`	Send `GOAWAY`

The window resets each second. The worker is responsible for sending the GOAWAY frame.

Request timeouts

Arc tracks per-request deadlines at nanosecond precision without extra timer allocations. Four timeout boundaries are enforced for every request:

Timeout	When applied
`connect`	TCP connection establishment to upstream
`response_header`	Time to first byte from upstream after request sent
`per_try`	Maximum duration of a single retry attempt
`total`	Maximum end-to-end request duration

Each stage deadline is bounded by all three applicable limits (stage timeout, per-try deadline, total deadline), so no single operation can exceed the overall request budget. Configure via upstream timeouts:

upstreams:
  - name: api
    timeouts:
      connect: 2s
      ttfb: 5s       # time-to-first-byte
      write: 30s
      read: 30s

Troubleshooting

XDP is not loading (XDP attach failed)

XDP requires a network driver that supports XDP (most modern drivers do). Verify with ip link show <iface>. The fallback chain tries native → generic → skb. If all fail, the gateway starts without XDP and logs a warning. Confirm via GET /v1/xdp/status.

IPs are being blocked unexpectedly

Check the XDP blacklist: curl http://localhost:22100/v1/xdp/blacklist. Dynamic thresholds may have auto-blacklisted a legitimate source during a traffic spike. Remove with DELETE /v1/xdp/blacklist and consider increasing sigma_multiplier via POST /v1/xdp/config (e.g. {"sigma_multiplier": 5.0}) to widen the threshold before traffic triggers auto-blacklisting. Check arc_xdp_blacklisted_total in /metrics.

Rate limiting is not working

Ensure control_plane.enabled: true and observability.metrics_bind is up. Per-route rate limiting uses GCRA locally — no Redis needed. Cluster-wide rate limiting requires a reachable Redis and the redis feature compiled in. Check arc_ratelimit_rejected_total in /metrics to confirm the limiter is active.

SlowlorisGuard is blocking legitimate slow clients

The guard triggers on incomplete HTTP headers that linger past header_timeout. Increase the threshold in the security config or disable it for specific listener addresses by not enabling L7 protection on internal-only listeners.

Two-tier rate limit circuit breaker is open

arc_ratelimit_circuit_open will be 1 in metrics. This means the Redis backend is unreachable and Arc has fallen back to L1 (per-worker) rate limiting. Check Redis connectivity and inspect the circuit breaker open_until_ns via the control plane.

Getting started

Operations

Reference

XDP and eBPF packet filtering

What it checks

BPF maps

Feature flags

Dynamic threshold calculation

Managing blacklist and whitelist

Kubernetes note

Rate limiting

Per-route rate limiting (GCRA)

Two-tier global rate limiting

L7 protection

SlowlorisGuard

TlsFloodGuard

H2StreamFloodGuard

Request timeouts

Troubleshooting

​XDP and eBPF packet filtering

​What it checks

​BPF maps

​Feature flags

​Dynamic threshold calculation

​Managing blacklist and whitelist

​Kubernetes note

​Rate limiting

​Per-route rate limiting (GCRA)

​Two-tier global rate limiting

​L7 protection

​SlowlorisGuard

​TlsFloodGuard

​H2StreamFloodGuard

​Request timeouts

​Troubleshooting

XDP and eBPF packet filtering

What it checks

BPF maps

Feature flags

Dynamic threshold calculation

Managing blacklist and whitelist

Kubernetes note

Rate limiting

Per-route rate limiting (GCRA)

Two-tier global rate limiting

L7 protection

SlowlorisGuard

TlsFloodGuard

H2StreamFloodGuard

Request timeouts

Troubleshooting